CVE-2026-98799

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

bpf: Skip detached progs in trampoline images that are still in use

bpf tramp image put() makes sure a trampoline image is not freed while a task may still be running in it, but nothing similar is done for the progs called by that image. Detach drops the last prog reference right away and the prog is freed after grace periods, on the basis that a task still in the traced function skips the fexit progs once the nop at ip after call is patched to a jump.

That leaves out a task sleeping in a sleepable prog that runs before the detached one, which no grace period waits for:

CPU 0 CPU 1 in image I, sleeping in prog S detach P from I's trampoline -> new image, bpf tramp image put(I) bpf prog put(P), last ref grace periods, P freed back from S bpf prog enter(P) call P->bpf func

If S and P are fexit progs the task is already past the patched jump, and fentry only images don't have one. On x86 this is an int3 in poisoned bpf prog pack memory:

Oops: int3: 0000 [#1] SMP NOPTI CPU: 18 UID: 0 PID: 94573 Comm: x169 Not tainted 6.18.44 #1 PREEMPT(lazy) RIP: 0010:0xffffffffc0601d8d Call Trace: ? bpf trampoline 6442515411+0x1a4/0x21b bpf lsm bprm committed creds+0x5/0x10 security bprm committed creds+0x5f/0x70 begin new exec+0x2d6/0x410 ...

We hit this in production when progs attached through trampolines got detached while their hooks were busy, and it was independently found with a fuzzer and KASAN.

Have the JITs emit a patchable nop in front of each prog call sequence and record it in the image. When a prog is detached, patch its nop to a jump over the call sequence. Progs that stay attached keep running for the tasks that are in the image, and ip after call isn't needed anymore.

The task can be in any image that isn't freed yet, not only in the current one. It sleeps in image I1 that calls S, P and Q, then P is detached and the trampoline moves to image I2, then Q is detached and its call is still in I1. So the trampoline keeps a list of its images until they are freed, and detaching a prog patches its nop in all of them. Images hold a reference on the trampoline for that long.

On riscv and loongarch a jump of any range takes several instructions, and a task preempted in the middle of them could resume into half of the new sequence. The nop is a single instruction there, patched to a near branch through arch bpf trampoline skip().

With the extra nops, BPF MAX TRAMP LINKS progs no longer fit in a page on x86 and arm64 (and already didn't on powerpc), so lower the limit there like s390 does.