Nicholas Carlini

**Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions** Safari versions prior to 26.5.2 iOS versions prior to 26.5.2 iPadOS versions prior to 26.5.2 macOS Tahoe versions prior to 26.5.2 **Description** A use-after-free issue, which occurs when a program continues to use a pointer after it has been freed, can lead to memory corruption. This can be triggered when the system processes maliciously crafted web content. **Recommendations** Update Safari to version 26.5.2. Update iOS to version 26.5.2. Update iPadOS to version 26.5.2. Update macOS Tahoe to version 26.5.2.

**Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions** The product name cannot be determined (affected versions not specified) **Description** A signer confusion issue in PKCS7 verify allows for forged signatures. This occurs because the signer associated with a signature is not correctly bound, which permits a forged signature to be accepted. **Recommendations** At the moment, there is no information about a newer version that contains a fix for this vulnerability.

**Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions** The product name cannot be determined (affected versions not specified) **Description** An issue exists in the `EVP DigestVerifyFinal()` function where a zero-length tag could be accepted as valid during HMAC (Hash-based Message Authentication Code) verification. In the OpenSSL-compatibility HMAC verify path, the supplied signature length was only checked to ensure it did not exceed the MAC length, allowing a zero-length or truncated tag to pass verification. **Recommendations** At the moment, there is no information about a newer version that contains a fix for this vulnerability.

**Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions** ML-KEM (affected versions not specified) **Description** An issue exists in the ARM64 NEON ciphertext comparison where only half of the input is compared. This failure breaks the implicit rejection of the Fujisaki-Okamoto transform—a method used to ensure that a ciphertext has not been tampered with—and weakens IND-CCA2 security, which refers to the security of a system against chosen-ciphertext attacks. Consequently, a decapsulating party may fail to detect a manipulated ciphertext and proceed without the required implicit rejection. **Recommendations** At the moment, there is no information about a newer version that contains a fix for this vulnerability.

**Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions** The product name cannot be determined (affected versions not specified) **Description** PKCS#12 MAC verification uses a comparison length controlled by an attacker, which weakens the integrity check on the Message Authentication Code (MAC) and allows a mismatched MAC to be accepted. The verification path compares the locally computed HMAC against the MAC parsed from the PKCS#12 structure using a length taken directly from the attacker-supplied input, without first verifying that it equals the length of the digest produced by the configured algorithm. Consequently, a zero-length or truncated stored MAC could be accepted, defeating the integrity protection. **Recommendations** At the moment, there is no information about a newer version that contains a fix for this vulnerability.

**Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions** wolfSSL versions prior to 5.9.1 **Description** The PKCS#7 decode path fails to respect the caller-supplied output buffer size `outputSz`. This allows decoded content to be written beyond the boundaries of the provided buffer, leading to a buffer overflow. A buffer overflow occurs when a program writes more data to a block of memory than it is allocated to hold. **Recommendations** Update to version 5.9.1.

**Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions** wolfSSL versions prior to 5.9.1 **Description** A heap buffer overflow occurs in the DTLS 1.3 ACK serialization path before the connecting peer is authenticated. The issue stems from an integer truncation when calculating the length of the ACK record-number list, which leads to the allocation of an undersized buffer that is subsequently overrun. **Recommendations** Update to version 5.9.1.

**Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions** OpenSC versions prior to 0.27.0-rc1 **Description** A stack buffer overflow exists in the `piv process history()` function within `src/libopensc/card-piv.c`. This issue allows a physically present attacker to cause memory corruption by using a specially crafted PIV smart card or USB device. The trigger occurs when the device returns a URL field exceeding 118 bytes in the Key History Object ASN.1 response. **Recommendations** Update to version 0.27.0-rc1 or apply the fix from commit 3f24f0b.

**Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions** OpenSC versions prior to 0.27.0 **Description** A stack and heap buffer overrun occurs in the `do key value()` function within src/pkcs15init/profile.c. This issue allows memory corruption when a crafted profile configuration file is supplied. During the invocation of pkcs15-init, a key value entry starting with '=' followed by more than the size of `keybuf` is copied into `keybuf` using memcpy without a length check. **Recommendations** Update to version 0.27.0 or apply the fix from commit 0358817.

**Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions** iOS versions prior to 26.5 iPadOS versions prior to 26.5 macOS Tahoe versions prior to 26.5 tvOS versions prior to 26.5 visionOS versions prior to 26.5 watchOS versions prior to 26.5 **Description** A use-after-free issue, which occurs when a program continues to use a pointer after it has been freed, can lead to an unexpected Safari crash when processing maliciously crafted web content. **Recommendations** Update iOS to version 26.5. Update iPadOS to version 26.5. Update macOS Tahoe to version 26.5. Update tvOS to version 26.5. Update visionOS to version 26.5. Update watchOS to version 26.5.

**Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions** Linux kernel (affected versions not specified) **Description** A flaw exists in the kernel's handling of protection keys for address ranges. The subroutine responsible for updating page table entries fails to account for 1GB largepage mappings created via the `shm create largepage(3)` interface, incorrectly treating page directory page entries as pointers to other page table pages. An unprivileged user can exploit this by causing the `pmap pkru update range()` function to treat userspace memory as a page table page, allowing the overwrite of memory that should otherwise be inaccessible. This issue is under active exploitation and can lead to unauthorized access and data breaches. **Recommendations** At the moment, there is no information about a newer version that contains a fix for this vulnerability.

**Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions** The product name cannot be determined (affected versions not specified) **Description** The implementation of TIOCNOTTY fails to clear a back-pointer from the structure representing the controlling terminal to the calling process' session. If the invoking process exits, the terminal structure may retain a pointer to freed memory, creating a dangling pointer. A malicious process can exploit this condition to obtain root privileges. **Recommendations** At the moment, there is no information about a newer version that contains a fix for this vulnerability.

**Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions** wolfSSL versions prior to 5.9.1 **Description** Missing hash/digest size and Object Identifier (OID) checks allow digests smaller than allowed when verifying ECDSA certificates, or smaller than appropriate for the relevant key type, to be accepted by signature verification functions. This flaw enables the acceptance of forged digital identities, potentially allowing a malicious server, file, or connection to be trusted. The issue affects ECDSA/ECC verification when EdDSA or ML-DSA is also enabled, specifically impacting the library's handling of signatures in ECDSA, DSA, ML-DSA, Ed25519, and Ed448. It is estimated that over 5 billion devices worldwide are potentially affected, including embedded systems, IoT devices, routers, automotive systems, power grid infrastructure, and military systems. **Recommendations** Update to version 5.9.1.

Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions Botan versions prior to 3.11.1 Description The Botan cryptography library contains a flaw in the `Certificate Store::certificate known` function. This function incorrectly identifies certificates, returning true if any certificate in the store has a matching Distinguished Name (DN) and Subject Key Identifier (SKI) with the provided certificate, without verifying if the certificates are identical. A subsequent extension of path validation logic incorrectly assumed that `certificate known` only returned true for identical certificates. This allows an end entity certificate to be accepted as a trusted root if its DN and SKI match those of a trusted root certificate. Recommendations Update to version 3.11.1 or later.

**Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions** FreeBSD (affected versions not specified) **Description** A stack-based buffer overflow exists in the `kgssapi.ko` kernel module and the `librpcgss sec` library. The issue occurs during the validation of RPCSEC GSS data packets, where a routine responsible for checking the packet signature copies data into a stack buffer without verifying if the buffer is sufficiently large. This flaw can be triggered by a malicious client and does not require prior authentication. In the kernel, this allows an authenticated user to achieve remote code execution (RCE) if they can send packets to the kernel's NFS server while `kgssapi.ko` is loaded. In userspace, any application that loads `librpcgss sec` and operates an RPC server is vulnerable to RCE from any client capable of sending packets. **Recommendations** As a temporary mitigation, restrict access to the kernel's NFS server or avoid loading the `kgssapi.ko` module if not required. Restrict the use of the `librpcgss sec` library in userspace applications running RPC servers to minimize the risk of exploitation.

**Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions** Firefox versions prior to 149 Thunderbird versions prior to 149 **Description** A use-after-free issue exists in the JavaScript Engine component. This condition may allow for unexpected behavior. **Recommendations** Update Firefox to version 149 or later. Update Thunderbird to version 149 or later.

**Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions** Firefox versions prior to 149 Thunderbird versions prior to 149 **Description** An undefined behavior issue exists in the Audio/Video component. This can lead to unexpected program behavior. **Recommendations** Update Firefox to version 149 or later. Update Thunderbird to version 149 or later.

**Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions** Ghost versions 3.24.0 through 6.19.0 **Description** A blind SQL injection exists in the Content API of Ghost, a Node.js content management system. The issue stems from the use of string concatenation instead of parameterized queries when processing user input in the `slug` filter, allowing unauthenticated attackers to perform arbitrary reads from the database. This flaw was exploited in a large-scale campaign affecting over 700 domains, including high-profile institutions like Harvard and Oxford Universities. Attackers used the `/ghost/api/content/tags/` endpoint to steal Admin API keys, which granted them the ability to modify site content. This was used to inject malicious JavaScript loaders that executed "ClickFix" social engineering attacks, deceiving visitors into running harmful commands on their local machines to install infostealers and Remote Access Trojans (RATs). **Recommendations** Update Ghost to version 6.19.1 or later. Rotate all Admin API keys. Inspect article content at the database level to identify and remove injected scripts. Review Admin API call logs for unauthorized bulk article modifications. As a temporary mitigation, use a reverse proxy or WAF rule to block Content API requests containing `slug%3A%5B` or `slug:[` in the query string filter parameter.

**Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions** Firefox versions prior to 149 Firefox ESR versions prior to 140.9 Thunderbird versions prior to 149 Thunderbird versions prior to 140.9 **Description** An undefined behavior exists within the WebRTC: Signaling component. This issue impacts the listed versions of Firefox and Thunderbird. **Recommendations** Update Firefox to version 149 or later. Update Firefox ESR to version 140.9 or later. Update Thunderbird to version 149 or later. Update Thunderbird to version 140.9 or later.

**Name of the Vulnerable Software and Affected Versions** Firefox versions prior to 149 Firefox ESR versions prior to 140.9 Thunderbird versions prior to 149 Thunderbird versions prior to 140.9 **Description** An undefined behavior exists within the WebRTC: Signaling component. This issue impacts the listed software. **Recommendations** Update Firefox to version 149 or later. Update Firefox ESR to version 140.9 or later. Update Thunderbird to version 149 or later. Update Thunderbird to version 140.9 or later.